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Chapter
1
Introduction
1.1
Introduction to Research
Research must be systematic and follow a series of
steps and a rigid standard protocol. These
Rules are broadly similar but may vary slightly
between the different field of science. The scientific definition of research
generally state that a variable must be manipulated, although case studies and
purely observational science do not always comply with this Systematic investigative
process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering New
fact. It is divided into two general categories: (1) Basic research is inquiry
aimed at increasing Scientific knowledge, and (2) Applied research is effort
aimed at using basic research for solving Problems or developing new processes,
products, or techniques.
Research is a careful and detailed study into a
specific problem, concern, or issued using the Scientific method. It’s the
adult form of the science fair projects back in elementary school, where you
try and learn something by performing an experiment. This is best accomplished by
Turning the issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer
the question.
According to Merriam-Webster, Studious inquiry or
examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the
discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or law in
the light of the new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories
or law.
According to Wikipedia, Research
comprises “creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase
the stock of knowledge, of humans,
culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new
application.” It is used to established or confirm facts, reaffirm the result
of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorem, or develop
new theories.
Research is a systematic
inquiry to describe, Explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon.
Research involves inductive and deductive methods (Babbie, 1988). Inductive
method analyze the observed phenomenon and identify the general principles,
structures, or processes underlying the phenomenon observed; deductive method
verify the hypothesized principles through observation.
Background
The topic Suicide tendency among teenager in Laitpur
area is done by BASW 2ND Year students. This research is done in
order to find out suicidal tendency among teenagers in Lalitpur area.
The term suicide
describes the act of taking one’s own life. There are various kind of suicides,
So our first
task is to clarify our use of the term. Within this article, we are referring
to suicide in the conventional sense, in which someone plans out or acts upon
self-destructive thoughts and feelings, often while they are experiencing
overwhelming stress.
Suicide is the third leading cause of death in 15 to 24 year
olds. According to the National Institute of Mental health, reliable n
scientific research has found the
following:
a) There are 25 attempted suicides to
one complete suicide- with the ratio even higher in
Youth.
b) The strongest risk factors for
attempted suicide in youth are depression, substance abuse, and aggressive or
disruptive behavior.
c) The reason behind a teen’s suicide or
attempted suicide can be complex. Although suicide is relatively rare among children,
the rate of suicide attempts increases
greatly during adolescences.
Suicides
among young people continue to be a serious problem. Each year in the
U.S Thousand of teenagers commit suicide. Suicide is the third leading causes of death for
15-to-24 year olds, and the sixth leading cause of death for 5-to-14 year
old.
Teenage suicide designated the act by which a teenage
voluntarily brings about his death. In most cases, this is not simply a wish to
die, but the ultimate means of escaping from great suffering or from a
situation from which the teenage can find no exit. A suicide attempt is defined as an act, which
is not successful, through which a teenage express a wish to a harm himself or
herself, putting him or her in danger with the intention of brining danger to
his or her life.
World Health Organization (WHO) has given a comprehensive definition
of attempted suicide as, “an act with a non-fatal outcome in which an
individual deliberately initiates a non-habitual behavior that, without
intervention from others, will cause self-harm, or deliberately ingest a
substance in excess of the prescribed or generally recognized therapeutic
dosage, and which is aimed at realizing changes which the subject desired via
the actual or expected physical consequence.” Pattison and Kahan (1983) have
defined deliberate self-harm (DSH) as harming oneself intentionally, with or
without suicidal intent.
Globally every 40 seconds, a suicide case
happens. Deliberate self-harm or suicide attempts are universal phenomenon and
may be having various underlying causes including socio cultural, psychiatric
and personality disorders (PDs). A previous suicide attempt and its severity
are considered as one of the strongest predictors of future completed
suicide. Suicide is the tenth leading
cause of death worldwide, accounting for 1-5% of all deaths, and has an
estimated global figure of a million deaths per year. Estimated annual
mortality is 14-5 deaths per 100,000 people which may differ across the world,
based on age, sex, time, ethnicity and legal and administrative practices. In
2013, suicide was the second leading cause of death among persons aged 15-24
years, the second among persons aged 25-34 years, the fourth among person aged
35-54 years, the eighth among persons aged 55-64 years, the seventeenth among persons
65 years and older, and the tenth leading cause of death across all ages. Sri Lanka has a suicide rate of 20 (2009,
Police Department statistics), Bangladesh 7.0 (2009, from news agencies
report), and 10.9 per 100,000 of population a year in India with annually over
100,000 people killing themselves (2009). There is paucity of such studies in
Nepal though one of the national daily English newspaper, “The Kathmandu post”
reported that the number of suicides as per police statistics was of 2789 suicides
in s2007 translating into an annual suicide rate of 12 per 100,000 of
population and a community-based study conducted in Lalitpur district of Nepal
by Thapa and Carlough found a suicide rate of 3.7 per 100,000 population per
annum. According to a study conducted in Nepal during 2008/2009, Maternal
Mortality Ratio (MMR) has clearly indicated higher rate of suicidal attempts
among women of reproductive age (Pradhan A, Suvedi B K, Barnett S et al.,
2009). Various media reports have shown increased rate of suicide among
disaster survivors i.e. April earthquake in Nepal last year. According to Home
Ministry (Nepal), the suicide rate among the earthquake survivors in Nepal has
increased by 41%. Hagaman, Maharjan, and Kohrt (2016) have sought for
anti-stigma and community related early detection awareness programs in Nepal
as majority of the people including government organizations are not well
equipped for tackling with this issue.
The current proposal aims to fulfill that gap by organizing various
activities related to suicide prevention.
1.4
Statement of the study
The research paper is based on teenage suicide and
their tendency to commit suicide. It attempts to find out which sex group
commits more suicide and which group have more suicidal tendency.
We “Suicidal ideationa among teenagers among lalitpur
districts.”
1.5
Significance of the study
The
aim of the study is to find out thoughts of suicidal tendency among teenagers
in Kathmandu Valley.
·
Academic sector
·
Development
sector
Academic sector
As
a child spends a long time in school so it is the responsibility of school
staff to provide better interaction to the child to stop or at least minimize
the rate of suicide. The attitudes of frontline school staff (i.e. teachers,
counselor, nurses, social workers and administrators) toward suicide prevention
programs are important in developing a richer understanding of how to
effectively implement these programs across a school.
Preventing youth suicide is an issue
that naturally garners support from everyone including parents, policy makers
and youth directly and indirectly affected. Schools can play a positive role in
suicide prevention because they offer consistent, direct contact time with
large population of young people.
The essential role of teachers in
the implementation of gatekeeper model is particularly important to explore,
given that teachers spend more time with students than any other school staff.
They are uniquely positioned to detect students at risk for suicide, yet little
is known about their perspectives regarding the implementation of the
gatekeeper model, the assumption of an enhanced “gatekeeper” role or their own
ability to accurately identify, approach and refer at-risk students. This issue
is of particular interest in middle schools, given the drastic change from the
student-teacher relationship in elementary school, where students stay with one
teacher for the entire school day.
In
middle school, students typically rotate classes throughout the day, giving
each teacher only a brief window in which to observe individual student
behavior. In addition, middle school well recognized as a vulnerable time for
the onset of mental health and academic difficulties. Gatekeeper training
programs appear to impact teacher attitudes, knowledge and ability to identify
potentially suicidal students.
2.5.2 Development sector
Development sector come to know that when
addressing new policies where could be placed in proper manner. This seminar
paper helps to the INGOs, NGOs and GOs which is working on the field related to
suicidal tendency among adolescents. The rate of suicide has increase too much
in Nepal and this trend is the outcome of increasing mental illness or
depression among the youths. Therefore, suicide is increasing in rapid form. Despite of being
the major public mental health issue people do not want to talk about mental
illness. Suicide is every day issue for youths in Nepal although exact number
are unavailable the problem is on rise & demand change.
Why
in adolescent?
Adolescent
is stage of life where there are rapid changes in their physical body,
psychological & social roles. At the same time the prevalence of suicide is
seen high in adolescent. In spite of high prevalence many studies have been
done so. Such types of study help to assess the knowledge regarding suicide.
Adolescence
is the period during which the individual undergoes extensive physical,
psychological, emotional and personality changes. Adolescent period is often
believed to be a difficult period and very critical stage of transition. Most
adolescent stress is related to lack of identity which usually arises because
they start to think about who they are and what they want to become and this
tend to put them under a pressure to discover their real identity.
1.6
Objective
·
To identify the knowledge about teen
suicide.
·
To review the available research and
literature regarding causes of suicide among teenagers.
·
To find the factors associated with teen
suicide.
·
To assess the status of suicidal tendency
among the adolescents.
·
To find out how they perceive about suicide.
·
To assess the status of suicide among the
teenager.
·
To identify knowledge about teenager
suicide.
1.7
Hypothesis
Tendency of suicide is higher in teenage girls than
that of boys.
1.8
Limitation
·
This research aid to minimize suicide but
it doesn’t bring complete end to a suicide.
·
The study was conducted only in Lalitpur
district so; it may not be applicable in other rural area of Nepal as the
problem faces by them may be different.
·
Biasness has occurred as researcher has
chosen non probability sampling type.
Chapter
2
Literature
Review
2.1 South Asian Context
Teens are under enormous pressure and stress. They are
competing in school for good grades, they are faced with college application
and job hunting. Teen suicide is an unfortunate result of all the pressure and
stresses. Knowing how to help with teen suicide prevention can save lives
because it focuses on helping teens realize that life is too special too commit
suicide by minimizing through the positive and risk factors during the
adolescent period.
The
risk of suicide increases dramatically when kids and teens have access to
firearms at home, and nearly 60% of all suicides in the United States are
committed with a gun. That's why any gun and arms in the house should be
unloaded, locked, and kept out of the reach of children and teens. Globally every 40 seconds, a suicide case
happens. Deliberate self-harm or suicide attempts are universal phenomenon and
may be having various underlying causes including socio cultural, psychiatric
and personality disorders (PDs). A previous suicide attempt and its severity
are considered as one of the strongest predictors of future completed
suicide. Suicide is the tenth leading
cause of death worldwide, accounting for 1-5% of all deaths, and has an
estimated global figure of a million deaths per year.In 2013, suicide was the
second leading cause of death among persons aged 15-24 years.
According to WHO global suicide report, suicide in the
world amounted to just over 800,000 deaths in 2012, representing 1.5 percent of
total mortality and about 16 percent of injury mortality. The worldwide suicide
rate is estimated at 11.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, similar to the average rate
reported for 2008, making it the 15th most common cause of death
worldwide. Indeed, a recent review of suicide in Asia demonstrates higher
average suicide rates in Asia compared to high-income countries. In many low-
and middle-income countries (LMIC), no national suicide data is available or
their reliability is questioned.
Each year worldwide approximately one million
individuals die of suicide, 10-20 million attempt suicides, and 50-120 million
are profoundly affected by the suicide or attempted suicide of a close relative
or associate. Asia accounts for 60 percent of the world’s suicides, so at least
60 million people are affected by suicide or attempted suicide in Asia each
year (Beautrais, 2006).
Despite this, suicide has received relatively less
attention in Asia than it has in Europe and North America. Lack of resources
and competing priorities in many Asian countries have contributed to this
under-emphasis. Cultural influences, religious sanctions, stigmatization of the
mentally ill, political imperatives, and socio-economic factors have also
played a significant role. As a result, the magnitude of the problem is unknown
in some Asian countries and – although there are some highlights in terms of
preventive initiatives – overall efforts are uncoordinated, under-resourced,
and generally unevaluated (Vijayakumar et al., 2005a; Beautrais, 2006; WHO,
2007).
2.2 In Nepal
The rate of suicide in Nepal has been reported to be
as low as 3.7/100, 00 because of under
reporting caused by issues of legality, social stigma, and logistical problems.
Suicide is illegal in Nepal and is punishable by fines
and imprisonment. According to the director of Samanta, a Nepalese organization
for women’s rights, "most families will never report suicide cases as they
are afraid of being entangled in police cases." In attempts to avoid
legal trouble, suicidal patients and their families may avoid going to
hospitals for treatment. Even after death, victims of suicide may have their
deaths misattributed to avoid legal problems for their families.
Families may also avoid reporting suicides due to
social stigma and discrimination against people with mental health
problems. Despite the recent abundance of articles discussing suicide in
Nepal, issues related to suicide are largely avoided, both as the result and
perpetuation of a powerful social stigma against mental illness. For women
in particular, the under reporting of suicides and suicide-attempts may be
caused in part by a "culture of silence", especially in cases related
to domestic abuse.
Finally, logistical issues pose a threat to accurate
reporting and record keeping. According to the Nepal Health Sector Support
Programme, due to "poor record keeping by police and hospitals" as
well as the fact that "registration systems are inaccurate and of poor quality,"
suicide may continue to be under reported even if social and legal issues were
to be resolved.
Chapter
3
Methodology
3.1 Research Design
The sample consist 100 people (50 male, 50 female)
living in Lalitpur District. Participants will be selected randomly from the
people living in Lalitpur District by Quota Sampling.
|
Male
|
Female
|
|
50
|
50
|
Fig1:
Distribution of Sample on Basis of Gender
Factorial
Design
Gender(A)
– Male(A1), Female(A2)
|
A
|
|
|
A1
|
A2
|
Fig
2: Factorial Design
3.2
Sampling
Sample refers to the subsets of the overall population
selected in order to be representative of the population. Sampling is the .process
of selecting of the sample.
Sampling was done in order to select respondent for
the survey.
Sampling Method: Quota Sampling
This research use Quota sampling. Quota sampling
refers to non-probability sampling where sample are selected in order to fit
certain quotas.
Sample Size
The sample size is 100 people who are adolescents. Out
of them 50 were male and 50 of them are female.
3.3
Tools
The question was designed by Dr. Devendra Singh
Sisodia and Dr. Vibhuti Bhatnagar which was published by National Psychological
Corporation, Agra. It consist of 25 items. It have 5 points of rating scale.
Each items has five option for response, which are strongly agree, agree,
uncertain, disagree and strongly disagree. Instruction provided are remembered
to give your response to all the statement, no response is wrong or right and
your response will take confidentiality.
Ways of Scoring
|
Statement
|
Strongly Agree
|
Agree
|
Uncertain
|
Disagree
|
Strongly
Disagree
|
|
Positive
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
|
Negative
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
Fig
3: Ways of Scoring
Reliability
The reliability of scale was determined by (a)
test-retest method and (b) internal consistency method. The test-retest
reliability was 0.78 and consistency value for the scale is 0.81.
Validity
Besides face validity as all the items of the scale
are concerned with the variable under focus, the scale has high content
validity. The scale was validated against the external criteria and coefficient
obtained was 0.74.
Data Collection Method and Analysis Procedure
Survey method was used in the study using
questionnaire. Researcher used individual and group approach for data
collection. Individual approach include individual filling of questionnaire and
group approach includes going to different school of Lalitpur district. Then we
calculated mean from their fill up questionnaire and we used Ms. Excel is used
for Presentation of Data, Calculation.
Research Design:
Procedure: First of all things needed for the survey is collected.
Questioners are prepared. 100 participants of age group 13 to 19 combining both
studying and working teenagers are selected. Then suitable research method and
designs are selected.
Methodology
The study area and rational of selection out of
different area was the sample area for this study. We choose respondent of age
13 to 19 staying in Lalitpur area. This study based on primary data which are
collected from teenage people staying in Lalitpur area and students studying in
Lalitpur school and secondary data collected from internet.
3.1.1
Primary Methods
Primary method are those that are collected or seen
firsthand, it is not handed or passed from one person to another and the
information is not distorted or changed as the information is collected
firsthand.
·
Questionnaire
We visited the different areas and school of lalitpur
with prepared questionnaire. Each correspondent took around 5 minutes to
complete the survey.
3.1.2
Secondary Data
Secondary method are those kinds of methods that are
collected or seen secondhand, it is not collected or seen finished. This
information can sometimes be wrong or changed due to being handed from one
person to another.
·
Net
Surfing:
The student
collected relevant information regarding the chosen topic as according to the
objective set beforehand. Student visited different sites with different
information to better understand about the subject and learn more about topic.
Student found various information and data which was very informative and
helpful. Student read and collected information and data by reading various
reports, article, books, etc.
Chapter 4
Presentation and analysis
4.1 Differences in Mean Score according to
Gender
|
Respondent
|
Mean Score
|
|
Boys
|
62.66
|
|
Girls
|
62.48
|
|
Total
|
63.57
|
Fig 4: Mean difference of boys and girl
In the above bar-diagram we can see the average mean
of the boy is 62.56% whereas girl average mean is 64.5%. The score of the girl
is higher than that of the boys. In total mean score is 63.57%. There is
average suicidal tendency for the teenage boys and girls but there is higher
risk or chance that the suicidal tendency is more in the girl than that of the
boys.
Average Mean Score of Boys and Girls
|
|
Mean Score
|
|
Boys
|
62.66
|
|
Girls
|
64.48
|
Fig
5: Mean Scores of Boys and Girls
From the above figure, it can be said that thought of
suicidal tendency among the teenagers is greater in girls as compare to boys.
Boys mean score is 62.66 whereas girls means score is 64.48.
4.2
Overall analysis
As we can see that the tendency of suicide in teenager
girl is higher than that of the boys. And as for the research the teenagers who
are between the 16-19 have the high tendency to suicide as shown in their
scores. Between this period the teenagers have more knowledge about outer world
than the 13-15 and the girls are more risk towards the suicide as they go
through the series of biological changes within their body as well as the
adjustment in their society for which they find it emotionally disturbed,
stress, mental pressure which are leads to the suicidal thoughts, and death as
the ultimate choice of the life for which they choose suicide. And as for
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